More than 95 per cent of cervical cancer is caused by Human Papillomaviruses – more commonly known as HPV.

Toi Te Ora Public Health, Te Whatu Ora medical officer of health Dr Phil Shoemack says Human Papillomaviruses are a common group of contagious viruses that are spread through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact.

“There are different types of HPV.

“Some of these types can cause genital warts, cervical cancer, and oral cancer.”

Phil says the best way to prevent HPV infection is to get the HPV vaccine.

Vaccine

“The vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection from the common, high-risk HPV types that cause genital warts, cervical cancer, and oral cancer.

“In New Zealand, the HPV vaccine is free for everyone aged nine to 26 years old, including non-residents less than 18 years old.

“The vaccine is available at most schools and is usually given in year 7 or 8.

“People can also get vaccinated by their doctor, nurse or hauora/health provider.”

Tamariki/children aged nine to 14 years need two doses of the vaccine, Phil says.

“Rangatahi/youth aged 15 years or older need three doses of the vaccine.”

“The younger a person is when they get the vaccine (once they are eligible from age nine), the better their immune response will be.”

Cervical screening

Cervical screening is a method used to identify a HPV infection around the cervix so that it can be treated before it progresses to cervical cancer, says Phil.

“Most people infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will not be aware they are infected which is why cervical screening is important.

“Wāhine and people with a cervix should have regular cervical screening tests from age 25 to 69. 

“Routine screening is every 5 years, although you may need screening more often in some circumstances or if HPV is detected in results.

“Cervical screening can be done as a simple vaginal swab that people can choose to do themselves, or as a cervical sample, taken from a person’s cervix by a healthcare provider.

“A nurse, doctor or health care provider can assist with the self-swab if necessary.”

Symptoms

If you are experiencing any symptoms of HPV you should see a medical professional as soon as possible.

“Symptoms of HPV appear at a later stage of infection.

“For genital warts, symptoms include raised areas, growths, or bumps of skin around the genital area.

“Symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal vaginal bleeding such as bleeding between menstrual periods, bleeding after sexual intercourse, or bleeding after menopause.

“Symptoms may also include abnormal vaginal discharge, or pain in the pelvis or abdomen.

“Anyone experiencing these symptoms should see their doctor, nurse or hauora provider.”

For more about HPV infection and the HPV vaccine see here.

For more about Cervical Screening and HPV testing see here.